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smart watch

Smartwatch BP & O₂ Tracking – Safe or Accurate? | Complete Guide

Deveswar Sai Santhosh · September 11, 2025

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Smartwatches today aren’t just about checking time or tracking steps. They promise to monitor heart rate, blood pressure (BP), and even oxygen saturation (SpO₂). But here’s the big question: are these readings accurate, and are they safe to rely on?

In this post, I’ll share my personal take, explain how these devices work, discuss their limitations, and help you decide if your smartwatch should be a “doctor on your wrist” or just a fitness buddy.

How Smartwatches Measure BP & O₂

Smartwatches use PPG (photoplethysmography) – a sensor that shines light into your skin and measures how blood vessels reflect it.

For SpO₂ (oxygen levels): They analyze light absorption differences between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
For BP (blood pressure): Some use algorithms, pulse wave analysis, or need calibration with a real BP monitor.

Important: Unlike hospital-grade equipment, these are consumer gadgets, so they provide approximations, not diagnoses.

Are the Results Accurate?

From my research and experience:

Oxygen (SpO₂): Most smartwatches are fairly close to medical-grade pulse oximeters (within ±2–3%), especially in healthy individuals.
Blood Pressure: This is trickier. Many brands require calibration with a cuff. Without it, results may be inconsistent.

Case Study Example:
A 2021 study published in Nature Digital Medicine compared smartwatch BP readings to hospital monitors. Results showed reasonable trends but not enough accuracy to replace medical devices.

Is It Safe to Use Smartwatches for BP & SpO₂?

Yes, they’re safe. Smartwatches are non-invasive and use harmless LED lights.
But the risk lies in misinterpretation:

Relying on smartwatch BP for hypertension management is dangerous.
Using SpO₂ readings for COVID or respiratory conditions without medical confirmation can mislead patients.

Think of them as early warning signals rather than final results.

Expert Opinions

Doctors often suggest:

Use smartwatches for trend monitoring, not diagnosis.
Always validate results with medical-grade devices.
Treat smartwatch health data as supportive, not definitive.

Smart Companion, Not a Doctor

Smartwatches measuring BP and O₂ are safe to use and can give approximate results. They are fantastic tools for fitness enthusiasts and for keeping an eye on trends. But they are not a substitute for medical devices or professional advice.

smart watch

Smartwatch BP & O₂ Tracking – Safe or Accurate? | Complete Guide

By Deveswar Sai Santhosh · September 11, 2025 ·

Introduction

In an era of relentless digital innovation, a transformative technology has captured the world's attention – Non-Fungible Tokens, or NFTs. These unique digital assets, powered by blockchain technology, have revolutionized how we perceive ownership and authenticity in the digital realm. In this exhaustive guide, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of the intricate NFT universe, from its inception and mechanics to its real-world applications, challenges, and a glimpse into its promising future.

Storytelling

Meet Sarah, a young digital artist whose creative journey had been a rollercoaster ride of passion and frustration. She poured her heart and soul into her digital artwork but struggled to gain recognition. It was only when she ventured into the world of NFTs that her fortunes took a dramatic turn. One fateful day, she minted a unique piece of digital art as an NFT, titled "Ethereal Dreams." Little did she know that this would change her life forever.

1: Unpacking the World of NFTs

Non-Fungible Tokens, or NFTs, are the cornerstone of a digital revolution that has upended the traditional notions of ownership in the digital realm. Unlike cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, NFTs are indivisible and represent unique, one-of-a-kind digital items, making them ideal for validating ownership of digital art, collectibles, virtual properties, and more.

Case Study:

Sarah's "Ethereal Dreams" NFT was auctioned on a popular NFT marketplace. The bidding war that ensued took the art world by storm, ultimately selling for a staggering $1.8 million. This was not just a sale; it was a historic moment in the world of digital art, marking a pivotal moment in the history of digital creativity.

2: The Intricate Mechanics of NFTs

To grasp NFTs fully, we must delve into the underpinning blockchain technology. NFTs are built on blockchain networks like Ethereum, employing smart contracts to establish uniqueness and traceability for each token. When an NFT is minted, its existence is indelibly recorded on the blockchain, ensuring transparency and security.

2.1. Blockchain Technology: The Foundation of NFTs

Blockchain technology serves as the bedrock of NFTs, providing the infrastructure for their creation and management. It's a decentralized ledger that records every NFT transaction, guaranteeing transparency and security.

Blockchain's decentralized nature means that no single entity has control over the network, making it resistant to censorship and fraud. This fundamental characteristic ensures the trustworthiness of NFT transactions.

2.2. Smart Contracts: The Brains Behind NFTs

Smart contracts are autonomous, self-executing agreements encoded on the blockchain. In the context of NFTs, these contracts define the rules and properties of each token. They dictate whether an NFT can be resold, provide royalties to creators upon secondary sales, and ensure the uniqueness of each NFT.

When an NFT is minted, a smart contract is deployed, embedding the token with its attributes and rules. This includes information about the creator, ownership history, and any associated royalties.

2.3. Minting NFTs: From Creation to Ownership

The process of minting an NFT is the gateway to its existence. It involves creating a unique token and recording it on the blockchain. This process establishes an NFT's authenticity and provenance, ensuring that it can be owned and traded as a digital asset.

Minting typically involves using NFT marketplaces or platforms specifically designed for this purpose. Artists and creators mint their digital creations, whether it's artwork, music, virtual real estate, or collectibles, by providing essential information about the item, such as its title, description, and any associated files.

NFT Marketplaces: NFTs are primarily bought, sold, and traded on various NFT marketplaces. Here are some notable NFT marketplaces:

NFTproX: An emerging NFT marketplace known for its user-friendly interface and diverse range of NFT categories.
OpenSea: One of the largest and most popular NFT marketplaces, offering a wide variety of digital assets, from art to virtual real estate.
Binance NFT: Binance's NFT platform, provides a seamless connection between the crypto exchange and the NFT world.
SuperRare: Focused on digital art, SuperRare is renowned for hosting exclusive, high-value NFT auctions.
Nifty Gateway: Known for its unique "drops" and innovative NFT experiences, Nifty Gateway has gained a strong following in the NFT community.
Rarible: A decentralized NFT marketplace that empowers users to create, buy, and sell NFTs.
Paddle8: Combining traditional and digital art, Paddle8 is a bridge between the art world and the NFT space.
Sotheby's: The renowned auction house has ventured into the NFT world, hosting high-profile NFT auctions and sales.

3: NFTs in Action: Real-World Applications

NFTs have permeated a multitude of industries, pioneering new standards for ownership and authenticity verification. From digital art to virtual real estate, collectibles to music, NFTs offer innovative solutions that empower creators and delight collectors.

Case Study:

Let's delve into the success story of "The Resonance," an album released as an NFT by an independent musician, Alex. This NFT not only provided ownership of the music but also granted access to personalized content and exclusive online concerts. Fans who purchased "The Resonance" NFT were not just buyers; they were part of an exclusive community with unique experiences.

4: Navigating Challenges and Controversies

Though NFTs offer exciting prospects, they are not without their challenges and controversies. Environmental concerns surrounding the energy consumption of blockchain networks, copyright issues, and apprehensions regarding market speculation have ignited fervent debates within the NFT ecosystem.

4.1. Environmental Concerns: The Carbon Footprint of NFTs

One of the most prominent criticisms of NFTs revolves around their environmental impact. Many blockchain networks, including Ethereum, use a proof-of-work consensus mechanism that consumes substantial amounts of energy. This has led to concerns about the carbon footprint of NFT transactions and their contribution to climate change.

Research shows that the energy consumption of NFTs can be significant, especially during periods of high activity on the blockchain. It's important to consider these environmental implications while enjoying the benefits of NFTs.

4.2. Copyright and Intellectual Property Challenges

NFTs have raised complex questions regarding copyright and intellectual property rights. When artists and creators mint NFTs, they often include digital files of their work. This has sparked disputes over who holds the rights to these files and how they can be used.

Legal frameworks for NFTs are still evolving, and artists, collectors, and platforms are navigating uncharted territory. Copyright challenges remain a significant area of concern within the NFT ecosystem.

4.3. Market Speculation and Bubble Concerns

The rapid rise in NFT prices has led to concerns about market speculation and the potential for a bubble. Some view NFTs as speculative assets rather than genuine expressions of value in the digital realm.

Market speculation can result in extreme price volatility, making it challenging for artists, collectors, and investors to predict the long-term value of NFTs. Navigating these uncertainties is an ongoing challenge within the NFT market.

5: Envisioning the Boundless Future of NFTs

The horizon for NFTs is teeming with potential. Whether it's seamlessly integrating NFTs into virtual reality experiences or elevating the gaming realm, NFTs promise relentless innovation and growth, promising to reshape the digital landscape.

Storytelling:

Envision a future where NFTs play a pivotal role in a metaverse, facilitating the ownership and exchange of virtual assets with unprecedented ease. Alex's exclusive online concerts, accessible to NFT holders, have become a global sensation, blurring the lines between physical and virtual experiences.

5.1. NFTs in Virtual Reality: Bridging the Physical and Digital Worlds

The convergence of NFTs and virtual reality (VR) promises to be a game-changer. Imagine owning virtual real estate in a digital world or trading exclusive NFT-based assets within immersive VR environments.

Companies are actively exploring the integration of NFTs into VR experiences, creating a new dimension of ownership and interaction.

5.2. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and NFTs: A Symbiotic Relationship

DeFi protocols are expanding the utility of NFTs by allowing them to be used as collateral or assets in decentralized lending and borrowing platforms. This integration opens up new financial possibilities for NFT holders.

As DeFi continues to grow, the synergy between DeFi and NFTs is expected to reshape the financial landscape, providing unique opportunities for asset utilization and liquidity.

Conclusion:

As Non-Fungible Tokens rewrite the rules of ownership in the digital era, they symbolize a profound shift in our engagement with digital content. Whether you're an aspiring artist seeking to monetize your creations or a collector in pursuit of unique digital treasures, NFTs have flung open the doors to a world of uncharted opportunities. In a continuously evolving NFT ecosystem, the journey promises to be exhilarating as we witness history in the making.

blockchain

NFT Trends 2025: Dive into the Digital Revolution

By Deveswar Sai Santhosh · September 09, 2025 ·

business

What is cryptocurrency - Future currency to get rich

By Deveswar Sai Santhosh · April 06, 2023 ·

Vitamin A is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in the growth, development, and maintenance of various bodily functions. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that is found naturally in many foods, including animal sources like meat, fish, and dairy products, as well as plant sources like fruits and vegetables.

Functions of Vitamin A

One of the primary functions of vitamin A is to support healthy vision. It plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of the retina, which is the part of the eye that enables us to see in low light conditions. Vitamin A is also necessary to produce rhodopsin, a protein that helps the eyes adjust to changes in light intensity. Vitamin A deficiency can led to a condition called night blindness, which makes it difficult to see in dim light.

In addition to supporting healthy vision, vitamin A also plays a critical role in immune function. It helps to maintain the integrity of the epithelial cells that line the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts, which act as barriers against infection. Vitamin A also stimulates the production and activity of white blood cells, which are essential for fighting off infections and diseases.

Vitamin A is also necessary for the growth and development of bones and teeth. It helps to regulate the activity of cells called osteoblasts, which are responsible for building bone tissue. Vitamin A deficiency can led to a condition called osteoporosis, which is characterized by weak and brittle bones.

Sources of Vitamin A

There are two primary sources of vitamin A: preformed vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids. Preformed vitamin A is found in animal sources like liver, fish, and dairy products. It is also added to many fortified foods like cereals and margarine. Provitamin A carotenoids are found in plant sources like carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, and other dark leafy greens.

The body converts provitamin A carotenoids into vitamin A through a series of chemical reactions. The amount of vitamin A that is produced from provitamin A carotenoids depends on a variety of factors, including the person's age, sex, and nutritional status.

Recommended Daily Intake of Vitamin A

The recommended daily intake of vitamin A varies depending on the person's age and sex. In general, adult men need around 900 micrograms of vitamin A per day, while adult women need around 700 micrograms per day. Pregnant and breastfeeding women require higher amounts of vitamin A to support the growth and development of their babies.

It is possible to consume too much vitamin A, which can lead to toxicity. Vitamin A toxicity can cause a range of symptoms, including dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and skin irritation. Long-term consumption of high levels of vitamin A can also lead to more serious health problems, including liver damage and increased risk of bone fractures.

Conclusion

In conclusion, vitamin A is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in many bodily functions, including vision, immune function, and bone development. It is found naturally in many foods, including animal sources and plant sources. The recommended daily intake of vitamin A varies depending on the person's age and sex and consuming too much vitamin A can led to toxicity. By including a variety of vitamin A-rich foods in their diet, individuals can ensure that they are meeting their nutritional needs and supporting optimal health.

Supplements

Vitamin A Benefits

By Deveswar Sai Santhosh · March 25, 2023 ·

The stock market is a dynamic and exciting place to invest your money. As a hub for buying and selling shares in companies, the stock market has the potential to provide investors with high returns. In this blog post, we'll explore some of the basics of the stock market and provide tips for investing in stocks.

Understanding the Stock Market

The stock market is a platform where shares of publicly traded companies are bought and sold. These shares represent ownership in a company, and investors can buy and sell them to potentially earn a profit. The stock market is divided into two primary sections: primary market and secondary market.

In the primary market, new shares of a company are issued through an initial public offering (IPO). In the secondary market, previously issued shares are traded between investors through exchanges like the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) in India. The stock market is affected by various factors like market sentiment, political events, and economic indicators.

Investing in Stocks

Investing in stocks can be a lucrative way to grow your wealth over the long term, but it is important to approach it with caution. Here are some tips to help you get started:

Do your research: Before investing in any stock, it is important to research the company and the industry it operates. Look at financial statements, news articles, and analyst reports to gain insight into the company's financial health, management team, and growth potential.

Diversify your portfolio: One of the most important rules of investing is to diversify your portfolio. This means investing in a range of companies and industries to minimize your risk. Diversification can help protect your investments from market volatility.

Invest for the long term: Investing in the stock market is not a get-rich-quick scheme. It requires patience and a long-term perspective. Historically, the stock market has provided higher returns over the long term than other investment options like bonds or savings accounts.

Keep an eye on market trends: The stock market is affected by various factors like political events and economic indicators. Keep an eye on market trends to identify opportunities and make informed investment decisions.

Don't try to time the market: Timing the market refers to trying to predict when the stock market will rise or fall. This is a risky strategy that requires a high level of skill and expertise. Instead, focus on building a diversified portfolio of quality stocks and holding them for the long term.

Conclusion

The stock market can be an exciting place to invest your money and potentially earn high returns. By understanding the basics of the stock market, conducting thorough research, diversifying your portfolio, and investing for the long term, you can make informed investment decisions and potentially grow your wealth over time. Remember to approach investing in stocks with caution and seek professional advice if you are uncertain about any aspect of investing.

business

Stock market in India

By Deveswar Sai Santhosh · February 25, 2023 ·

what is mutual fund in India

Mutual funds are a popular investment option in India, providing investors with the opportunity to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, and other securities. With a wide range of mutual fund options available, it can be difficult for investors to choose the right one for their needs. In this blog post, we'll explore some of the key features of mutual funds in India, and provide tips for selecting the right mutual fund for your investment goals.

Types of Mutual Funds in India

There are several types of mutual funds available in India, each with its unique features and benefits. Here are some of the most common types of mutual funds:

Equity Funds: These funds invest in stocks and provide investors with the opportunity to earn higher returns. Equity funds are suitable for investors who are willing to take on higher risks in exchange for potentially higher returns.

Debt Funds: These funds invest in fixed-income securities like bonds, government securities, and money market instruments. Debt funds are ideal for investors who are looking for a regular income stream and want to minimize risk.

Hybrid Funds: These funds invest in both equity and debt securities, providing investors with a balanced portfolio. Hybrid funds are suitable for investors who want to balance their risk and return.

Index Funds: These funds invest in stocks that make up a stock market's index, such as the Nifty or the Sensex. Index funds are ideal for investors who want to invest in the stock market without having to pick individual stocks.

Tax-saving Funds: Also known as Equity Linked Saving Schemes (ELSS), these funds provide investors with tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. Tax-saving funds are suitable for investors who want to save tax while also earning potentially higher returns.

Selecting the Right Mutual Fund

Selecting the right mutual fund can be challenging, but here are some tips that can help:

Assess your investment goals: Before selecting a mutual fund, it is essential to understand your investment goals, risk tolerance, and investment horizon. This will help you determine which type of mutual fund is best suited for your needs.

Consider the fund's performance: When selecting a mutual fund, it is important to look at its past performance. This will give you an idea of how the fund has performed over time and whether it is suitable for your investment goals.

Check the expense ratio: The expense ratio is the annual fee charged by the fund to cover its expenses. It is important to check the expense ratio of the mutual fund, as it can significantly impact your returns.

Look at the fund manager's track record: The fund manager plays a crucial role in managing the mutual fund's portfolio. It is essential to look at the fund manager's track record and experience before investing in the mutual fund.

Check the fund's investment style: Each mutual fund has a unique investment style, such as growth, value, or dividend. It is important to understand the investment style of the mutual fund before investing in it.

Conclusion

Mutual funds are an excellent investment option for investors in India, providing them with a diverse portfolio of securities and the potential for higher returns. By understanding the different types of mutual funds, assessing your investment goals, and considering factors like performance, expense ratio, and the fund manager's track record, you can select the right mutual fund for your investment needs.

business

what is mutual fund in India

By Deveswar Sai Santhosh · February 25, 2023 ·

The Rule of 72

The Rule of 72 is a simple mathematical concept that helps individuals estimate the time it takes for their investments to double. It is a valuable tool that can be used to assess the potential growth of investments, and it is widely used in finance and investment planning. In this article, we will explain what the Rule of 72 is, how it works, and how it can be used in investment planning.

What is the Rule of 72?

The Rule of 72 is a quick and easy way to estimate how long it takes for an investment to double in value. It is based on the principle of compound interest, which is the interest earned on both the principal amount and any accumulated interest. The Rule of 72 states that the number of years it takes for an investment to double is approximately equal to 72 divided by the annual rate of return.

For example, if you have an investment with an annual rate of return of 6%, it will take approximately 12 years for the investment to double in value (72 divided by 6 equals 12).

How does the Rule of 72 work?

The Rule of 72 works by simplifying the calculation of compound interest. Compound interest is a powerful force that can lead to significant growth in your investments over time. However, it can also be complicated to calculate, especially if you are dealing with varying interest rates or irregular contributions.

The Rule of 72 simplifies this calculation by providing a quick estimate of the time it takes for an investment to double. This estimate is not exact, but it is close enough for most investment planning purposes.

For example, if you are planning to invest in a stock that has an average annual rate of return of 8%, you can use the Rule of 72 to estimate that it will take approximately 9 years for your investment to double in value (72 divided by 8 equals 9). This estimate can help you plan your investments and set realistic expectations for your returns.

How can the Rule of 72 be used in investment planning?

The Rule of 72 can be a valuable tool in investment planning. It can help you estimate the potential growth of your investments and set realistic expectations for your returns. Here are some ways you can use the Rule of 72 in your investment planning:

Evaluate investment opportunities: The Rule of 72 can help you evaluate different investment opportunities by comparing their potential returns. For example, if you are considering two investments with different rates of return, you can use the Rule of 72 to estimate the time it takes for each investment to double and decide which one is more attractive.

Plan your retirement savings: The Rule of 72 can help you estimate how long it will take for your retirement savings to double. This estimate can help you plan your contributions and set realistic goals for your retirement savings.

Determine the impact of inflation: The Rule of 72 can also help you estimate the impact of inflation on your investments. If inflation is 3%, for example, it will take approximately 24 years for the purchasing power of your investments to be cut in half (72 divided by 3 equals 24).

In conclusion, the Rule of 72 is a simple yet powerful tool that can help you estimate the potential growth of your investments. It is not a perfect calculation, but it is close enough for most investment planning purposes. By using the Rule of 72, you can make more informed investment decisions and set realistic expectations for your returns.

business

Rule of 72 | Devtechnoverse

By Deveswar Sai Santhosh · February 24, 2023 ·

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How Smartwatches Measure BP & O₂

Are the Results Accurate?

Is It Safe to Use Smartwatches for BP & SpO₂?

Expert Opinions

Smart Companion, Not a Doctor

Introduction

Storytelling

1: Unpacking the World of NFTs

Case Study:

2: The Intricate Mechanics of NFTs

2.1. Blockchain Technology: The Foundation of NFTs

2.2. Smart Contracts: The Brains Behind NFTs

2.3. Minting NFTs: From Creation to Ownership

3: NFTs in Action: Real-World Applications

Case Study:

4: Navigating Challenges and Controversies

4.1. Environmental Concerns: The Carbon Footprint of NFTs

4.2. Copyright and Intellectual Property Challenges

4.3. Market Speculation and Bubble Concerns

5: Envisioning the Boundless Future of NFTs

Storytelling:

5.1. NFTs in Virtual Reality: Bridging the Physical and Digital Worlds

5.2. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and NFTs: A Symbiotic Relationship

Conclusion:

Understanding the Stock Market

Investing in Stocks

Conclusion

what is mutual fund in India

Types of Mutual Funds in India

Selecting the Right Mutual Fund

Conclusion

The Rule of 72

What is the Rule of 72?

How does the Rule of 72 work?

How can the Rule of 72 be used in investment planning?